{"id":810,"date":"2018-05-19T17:53:16","date_gmt":"2018-05-19T14:53:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/tatdtoks\/2021\/09\/15\/palitoksin-den-baslayarak-bazi-toksik-maddelerin-incelenmesi\/"},"modified":"2021-11-10T22:35:23","modified_gmt":"2021-11-10T19:35:23","slug":"palitoksin-den-baslayarak-bazi-toksik-maddelerin-incelenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/2018\/05\/19\/palitoksin-den-baslayarak-bazi-toksik-maddelerin-incelenmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"PAL\u0130TOKS\u0130N\u2019DEN BA\u015eLAYARAK BAZI TOKS\u0130K MADDELER\u0130N \u0130NCELENMES\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

Palitoksin\u2019in etki mekanizmas\u0131 ve etkileri\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

PalitoksinNa+<\/sup>\/K+<\/sup>-ATPaz enzimini Oubain\u2019in (bu madde hakk\u0131nda da yazmak laz\u0131m) ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir afinite ile ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flanma sonras\u0131nda sodyum ve potasyum h\u00fccre zar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim dengesini bozar ve serbest ge\u00e7i\u015fe neden olur. Farelerde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda oral al\u0131m LD50 dozu 767 \u03bcg\/kg olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen inhalasyonla al\u0131mda dozu 2 \u03bcg\/kg\u2019d\u0131r. \u0130ntraven\u00f6z LD50 dozu ise 0.054 \u03bcg\/kg\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Etkilerinden en korkulan\u0131 rabdomiyolizdir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131zda metalik tat, bulant\u0131, kusma, diare, letarji, bradikardi, b\u00f6brek yetmezli\u011fi, kas spazmlar\u0131 ve solunum yetmezli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6l\u00fcm ise miyokardiyal hasar nedeniyle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcm\u00f6r promoter maddeler aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1<\/strong>. Sodyum-Potasyum enziminin \u015fematik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Resim 1<\/strong>. Palitoksin\u2019in el \u00fczerindeki etkisi. Akvaryum temizleme sonras\u0131nda (http:\/\/masna.org\/masna-education\/palytoxin\/ )<\/p>\n

VAKALAR<\/strong><\/h2>\n

2005-2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de alglerin oran\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 art\u0131\u015f nedeniyle \u0130talya\u2019da salg\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve t\u00fcm vakalar hastaneye yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise \u0130ngiltere\u2019de akvaryum temizleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda solunum yolu ile zehirlenmeler (alt\u0131 ki\u015fi) bildirilmi\u015ftir. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Palitoksin\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 solunum yetmezli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Tedavi<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Yeterli vaka olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda papaverin gibi vazodilat\u00f6r etkili kimyasallar antidot olarak \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ouabain; \u0130smi G\u00fczel Kendi Nas\u0131l?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Somali dilinde waabaayo olarak isimlendirilen Ouabain, Frans\u0131zcada ouaba\u00efo olarak bilinmektedir. Bitki bazl\u0131 bir ok zehri olan OuabainAcokantheraschimperiveStrophanthusgratus isimli bitkilerden elde edilir ve bu bitkiler Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bitkilerin dal ve yapraklar\u0131 kaynat\u0131larak Ouabain elde edilir ve elde edilen Ouabain kardiyak gliozid \u00f6zelliktedir. 3.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana \u00fcretildi\u011fi bilinen Ouabain bir fili devirebilecek dozlarda \u00fcretilebildi\u011fi ve yerel zehir \u00fcreticilerin bu bitkileri ekti\u011fi ve toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Oubain etki mekanizmas\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131;<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ouabain bir kardiyak glikoziddir ve Na+<\/sup>\/K+<\/sup>-ATPaz enziminiinhibe eder. Her ne kadar kendisi ok zehri olarak avc\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcnlenmi\u015f olsa da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dozlarda aritmiler ve hipotansiyon tedavisinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u0131bbi kullan\u0131m\u0131 son d\u00f6nemlerde yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r fakat spermatozoalar\u0131n hareketini k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kontraseptif olarak halen geleneksel (!) t\u0131pta kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bulgular\u0131;<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kas kramplar\u0131, d\u00fczensiz kardiyak ritim, n\u00f6bet, solunum depresyonu gibi di\u011fer kardiyak glikozidler ise zehirlenmelerle benzer etkileri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tedavi;<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tedavi semptomatiktir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2<\/strong>. Acokantheraschimperi\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Resim 2<\/strong>. Medikal ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00fcretilen Ouabain\u00a0(GoodOldDays)<\/p>\n

Maitotoksin<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Gambierdiscustoxicus isimli ate\u015f rengi alglerin (dinoflagellat t\u00fcrleri) \u00fcretti\u011fi Maitotoksin ilk olarak bir bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fcnde bal\u0131k zehri olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f fakat yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00fcretenin algler oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Algler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen Maitotoksin en b\u00fcy\u00fck protein ve polisakkarid olmayan maddelerden birisidir. \u0130lk defa total sentezi 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Etkisi;<\/p>\n

Ekstrasel\u00fcler kalsiyum kanallar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler ve sitozolik kalsiyum oran\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu sayede h\u00fccre \u00f6l\u00fcm kaskad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak lizise neden olur. \u0130ndirekt olarak da kalsiyum ba\u011flan proteazlar olan calpain 1 ve calpain 2\u2019yi aktive eder ve nekroza yol a\u00e7ar. Ve hala tam mekanizmas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015f, vaka bildirilmemi\u015f ve zehirlenme y\u00f6netimi belli olmayan bir toksindir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3<\/strong>. K\u0131rkaya\u011fa benzeyen Maitotoksin\u2019de 32 halka yap\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/u><\/h2>\n

1.Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). OrganicChemistry (1st ed.). Oxford UniversityPress. pp. 19\u201321. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0.<\/p>\n

2.Forino M, Ciminiello P, et al. (2010). “Palytoxins: A stillhauntingHawaiiancurse”. PhytochemistryReviews. 9 (4): 491\u2013500. doi:10.1007\/s11101-010-9185-x.<\/p>\n

3.http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-england-oxfordshire-43558736<\/p>\n

4.Frelin C &Vanrenterghem C (1995). “Palytoxin -RecentElectrophysiologicalandPharmacologicalEvidenceforSeveralMechanisms of Action”. General Pharmacology. 26 (1): 33\u201337. doi:10.1016\/0306-3623(94)00133-8. PMID 7713364.<\/p>\n

5.Herbs2000.com,. ‘Strophanthus’. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.<\/p>\n

6.F\u00fcrstenwerth H (2010). “Ouabain -TheInsulin of theHeart”. Int J ClinPract. 64 (12): 1591\u20134. doi:10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2010.02395.x. PMID 20946265.<\/p>\n

7.Cowan T, MD, (2016) Human Heart, CosmicHeart: A Doctor’sQuesttoUnderstand, TreatandPreventCardiovascularDisease, Chap 9, ISBN 9781603586191<\/p>\n

8.”40 C.F.R.: Appendix A toPart 355\u2014TheList of ExtremelyHazardousSubstancesandTheirThreshold Planning Quantities” (PDF) (July 1, 2008 ed.). Government Printing Office. RetrievedOctober 29, 2011.<\/p>\n

9.Neuwinger, HansDieter. AfricanEthanobotany: PoisonsAndDrugs. Weinheim: Chapman&Hall, 1996. Print.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PAL\u0130TOKS\u0130N\u2019DEN BA\u015eLAYARAK BAZI TOKS\u0130K MADDELER\u0130N \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n

Yaz aylar\u0131 geliyor ve tropik b\u00f6lgeler herkesin hayali olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Peki Hawaii\u2019de denize girmenin ger\u00e7ekten bu kadar rahatlat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu kesin mi?<\/p>\n

Palitoksin<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hawaii adalar\u0131n\u0131n efsanelerine konu olmu\u015f bir toksindir Palitoksin. \u00dclkemizde \u00e7ok fazla merak uyand\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ismini duyurmayan Palitoksin, akvaryum i\u00e7inde mercan yeti\u015ftirenleri etkileyerek yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Peki nedir bu Palitoksin? Ne yapar ve etkileri nelerdir? Bir de fikir u\u00e7u\u015fmalar\u0131 ve konu konuyu a\u00e7ar y\u00f6ntemi ile di\u011fer toksik kimyasallarla nas\u0131l bir ba\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Palitoksin nedir?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Denizde ya\u015fayan \u00f6zellikle Palythoatoxica ve Pristiterebra t\u00fcrlerinden mercanlar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi bir maddedir Palitoksin. Hawaii\u2019de ya\u015fayanlar \u2018\u00d6ld\u00fcren deniz yosunu\u2019 olarak isimlendirmeyi uygun bulmu\u015flard\u0131r ki \u00e7ok da haks\u0131z say\u0131lmazlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Palitoksin \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir vazokonstr\u00fckt\u00f6rd\u00fcr ve protein yap\u0131da olmayan en toksik ikinci madde olarak literat\u00fcrde yer almaktad\u0131r (birincisi maitotoksin\u2019dir; bu madde hakk\u0131nda da yazmak laz\u0131m). Palitoksin yap\u0131 itibari ile ya\u011f asidi yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r, her ne kadar belli canl\u0131larca \u00fcretilse de bal\u0131klarda da biyomagnifikasyon nedeniyle kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan bu toksin 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda sentezlenebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":884,"featured_media":1735,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10014],"tags":[271,324,325,403,404,412],"class_list":["post-810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-akademik-blog-yazisi","tag-maitotoksin","tag-ouabain","tag-palitoksin","tag-toksik-maddeler","tag-toksik-maddelerin-incelenmesi","tag-toksinler"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/884"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=810"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/810\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1735"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/toksikoloji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}