{"id":33867,"date":"2023-07-13T09:19:06","date_gmt":"2023-07-13T06:19:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/?p=33867"},"modified":"2023-08-19T10:15:37","modified_gmt":"2023-08-19T07:15:37","slug":"kuresel-iklim-degisikligi-ve-giderek-isinan-dunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/genel\/kuresel-iklim-degisikligi-ve-giderek-isinan-dunya\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve Giderek Is\u0131nan D\u00fcnya"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>.<\/p>

Yazar : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcyesi. M. Ferudun \u00c7elikmen<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeditepe \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Acil T\u0131p AD, TATDO\u011eA \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubu Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olan s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeniyle k\u00fcresel olarak art\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n insanlar \u00fczerindeki etkilerini \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00fclke ve d\u00fcnya genelinde art\u0131rmak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00f6ylesine s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir h\u0131zda ve s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde artmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00fclkelerin, \u00f6zellikle de en b\u00fcy\u00fck emisyon yay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n enerji, tar\u0131m ve ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6rlerinde (ve di\u011ferlerinde) ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmsel de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapmalar\u0131 aciliyet te\u015fkil ediyor.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n etkileri k\u0131sa ve orta vadede basit, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli eylemlerin uygulanmas\u0131 ve bilin\u00e7li uzun vadeli planlama stratejileri olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla \u00f6nlenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, klima (daha pasif \u00f6nlemlerin uzun bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olsa da) a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan en yayg\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerden. Ancak klimalar\u0131n artan enerji t\u00fcketimi ve kirlilik gibi olumsuz etkileri daha fazla risk yarat\u0131yor. Bununla birlikte y\u00fcksek \u00f6n maliyetler ve altyap\u0131 gereksinimleri, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerde, yoksul ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan n\u00fcfuslar i\u00e7in klimay\u0131 eri\u015filemez h\u00e2le getiriyor. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Gucerat b\u00f6lgesinde idare, s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresini azaltmak i\u00e7in uzun vadeli bir eylem olarak, merkezi olarak so\u011futulmu\u015f suyun yer alt\u0131 borular\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla t\u00fcketicilere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezile\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir havaland\u0131rma sistemi olan b\u00f6lgesel so\u011futmay\u0131 uygulamaya koydu (IMF, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkileri her y\u0131l pek \u00e7ok insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden oluyor, insanlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 karart\u0131yor, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131na zarar veriyor. \u0130klimsel olaylar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131yor; art\u0131k di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131kla birlikte kategori 4 ve 5f\u0131rt\u0131nalarla, rekor k\u0131ran s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131yla ve \u015fiddetli ya\u011fmurlarla daha \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz. G\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi, do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k etkileri ve yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeler de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steriyor. D\u00fcnya \u0131s\u0131nmaya devam ederken, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k riski de art\u0131yor. S\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 en \u00e7ok \u015fehirlerde hissediliyor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc in\u015faat malzemeleri \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 tutuyor ve ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evredeki k\u0131rsal alanlardan \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Mikro \u0131s\u0131 adalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla var oldu\u011fu ve i\u00e7 hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek olarak belgelendi\u011fi kenar mahallelerde ve gayri resm\u00ee yerle\u015fimlerde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00e7ok daha \u015fiddetli hissediliyor. Daha ya\u015fl\u0131 sakinler ve \u00f6nceden t\u0131bbi sorunlar\u0131 olan ki\u015filer, s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdide kar\u015f\u0131 daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan olacaklar. Bu ki\u015filer ayn\u0131 zamanda maliyet, co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k veya etiketlenme gibi durumlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak acil sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinde engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirler. Bu risklerin \u00e7o\u011fu bug\u00fcn zaten ya\u015fan\u0131yor olsa da, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi plans\u0131z h\u0131zl\u0131 kentle\u015fme ile birlikte etkilerin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini ve kapsam\u0131n\u0131 daha da art\u0131racak. Riski azaltmak i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn adil ve ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck eylemlere yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u0130leriye d\u00f6n\u00fck yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi muhtemel bir afetten \u00f6nce halka yard\u0131m sa\u011flayarak insanlar\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 ve zararlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131klar son y\u0131llarda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli\u2019ne<\/em><\/strong> g\u00f6re (IPCC), \u201c\u0130nsan faaliyetlerinin, sanayi \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,0\u00b0C\u2019lik bir k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya sebep oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir\u201d (IPCC, 2018). Bir derece kula\u011fa b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rakam gibi gelmeyebilir ancak atmosferdeki enerjide \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131 temsil etmektedir. El Nino sebebiyle ilk aylar\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2016 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 2020\u2019nin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ikinci s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor. Genel olarak, k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131klar \u015fu anda IPCC\u2019nin Be\u015finci De\u011ferlendirme Raporu\u2019nda yer alan iklim modellerinin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc seviyede ya da \u00fczerinde seyrediyor (Carbon Brief, 2020). Bu durum baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan ate\u015fi olan bir insanla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k ve i\u015flev yetene\u011fi \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkileri vard\u0131r. Acil ve kararl\u0131 bir eylem plan\u0131 ile harekete ge\u00e7ilmezse bu durum daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fecek. \u0130klim olaylar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu ciddi oranlarda artmakta olup 4. ve 5. kategori kas\u0131rgalar, s\u0131cakl\u0131k rekorlar\u0131n\u0131 alt\u00fcst eden s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131, \u015fiddetli ya\u011fmurlar ve di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iklim olay\u0131 giderek daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Afetlerin neden oldu\u011fu do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n kayb\u0131, g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi, do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k etkileri ve insanlar\u0131n yerlerinden olmas\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u00fckseli\u015fte. Karbon ayak izimizi azaltmak; ortak bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, insani yard\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc karbon ayak izini de\u011ferlendirmek, raporlamak ve azaltmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini end\u00fcstri standartlar\u0131yla uyumlu h\u00e2le getirme f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahiptir (GRI, 2016; Sera Gaz\u0131 Protokol\u00fc (D\u00fcnya S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma \u0130\u015f Konseyi); ISO, 2018). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu toplum e\u015f zamanl\u0131 ve birbirini izleyen afetlerden etkileniyor; \u00f6yle ki bir sonraki \u015fok dalgas\u0131 gelene kadar iyile\u015fmeye zamanlar\u0131 bile kalm\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki yerli topluluklar iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini hissediyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Arktik b\u00f6lgesinde kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak ya\u015fayan d\u00f6rt milyon insan\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %10\u2019u h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini tecr\u00fcbe eden ve yaln\u0131zca sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda geleneksel ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir tehditle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan yerli insanlard\u0131r (UN-DESA, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

IPCC Arktik denizi, g\u00f6l ve nehir buzu ile donmu\u015f topraktaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin geleneksel avc\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7obanl\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 bozdu\u011funu; yerli halklar aras\u0131nda hastal\u0131k, yetersiz beslenme, yaralanma ve ak\u0131l sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin risklerin artmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu toplumlarda en a\u011f\u0131r riskin alt\u0131nda olan ki\u015filer sesleri duyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7 ve kapasiteleri anla\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde geride b\u0131rak\u0131lma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yalar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim ve hava ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 afetler, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck insani etkilere neden oluyor. Son on y\u0131lda 2 milyar insan bu afetlerden do\u011frudan etkilendi. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi artt\u0131k\u00e7a, durumun daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fece\u011finden endi\u015fe ediyoruz. Bir afet \u00f6ncesinde, s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda uydu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri hayat kurtaran ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karabilir: En y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131nda olan veya en \u00e7ok etkilenen toplumlar, tahrip olmu\u015f veya hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f yollar ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, bir helikopterin t\u0131bbi personel ve malzemeleri teslim etmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde inebilece\u011fi alanlar. Bu s\u00f6z konusu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere ve bilgilere zaman\u0131nda eri\u015fim gerektirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131ndaki, iklimle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 riskleri y\u00f6netme kapasitesi en az olan, en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyan insanlara \u00f6ncelik vermek i\u00e7in birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son on y\u0131lda, do\u011fal tehlikelerin tetikledi\u011fi t\u00fcm afetlerin %83\u2019\u00fc sel, f\u0131rt\u0131na ve s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 gibi hava ve iklimle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u015fiddetli olaylardan kaynaklan\u0131yor1<\/sup>. Ya\u015fl\u0131 insanlar (70 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc) 2000\u2019den 2017\u2019ye kadar afetlere ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin %8,26\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyordu (y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 4.700) (BM, 2019). Ya\u015fl\u0131lar afetlerden, \u00f6zellikle de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klardan orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde etkilenme e\u011filiminde. Toplam n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczdesi olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm ya\u015f gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7inde en y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131na sahipler (IMHEI, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OHCHR\u2019ye g\u00f6re: \u201cEngelli insanlar afetlerin olumsuz etkilerinden orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde etkileniyorlar ve afet riskini azaltma politika, plan ve programlar\u0131ndan genel olarak hari\u00e7 tutulduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcm, yaralanma ve ek sakatl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck risk alt\u0131ndalar. Acil durumlarla ilgili bilgi ve uyar\u0131lar genellikle engelliler i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir de\u011fil\u201d (OHCHR, 2020). Yerinden edilmi\u015f insanlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bar\u0131nma standartlar\u0131, kamplar\u0131n konumu ve yard\u0131ma s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 eri\u015fim nedeniyle afetler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle k\u0131r\u0131lgan olabiliyor. G\u00f6\u00e7menler s\u00fcrekli olarak afet m\u00fcdahale planlar\u0131n\u0131n ve fiili m\u00fcdahalenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131na atfedilebilen t\u00fcm afetlerin oran\u0131 da bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. 2000\u2019lerde bu t\u00fcr afetlerin t\u00fcm afetler i\u00e7erisindeki oran\u0131 %76 iken, ayn\u0131 oran 2010\u2019larda %83\u2019e y\u00fckseldi. Hava ve iklimle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u015fiddetli afetler, son on y\u0131lda 410.000\u2019den fazla insan\u0131n hayat\u0131na mal oldu. Bu insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta gelirli \u00fclkelerde ya\u015f\u0131yor. En \u00e7ok can alan afetler ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini hafifletme, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla atmosferdeki sera gaz\u0131 seviyelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen eylemdir. Bu gazlardaki art\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n etraf\u0131na atmosferin ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten kal\u0131n bir battaniye sarma etkisine sahip. Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan karbondioksit ana sera gazlar\u0131ndan biri olarak biliniyor. Uyum yaln\u0131zca artan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ve deniz seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi gibi uzun vadeli de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemleri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda hava ve iklimle ilgili olaylar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda afet riskinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum, de\u011fi\u015fen iklime uyum sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r veya daha teknik terimlerle ifade etmek gerekirse, \u201czarar\u0131 azaltmak veya zarardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak veya faydas\u0131 dokunacak f\u0131rsatlardan yararlanmak amac\u0131yla mevcut veya beklenen iklime ve bunun etkilerine uyum sa\u011flama s\u00fcrecidir…\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fal afet diye bir \u015fey yoktur asl\u0131nda… Afetler bir tehlike, etkiye dayanmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan kaynaklara ya da d\u00fczene sahip olmayan ve n\u00fcfusu yoksulluk, d\u0131\u015flanma veya sosyal dezavantajlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden k\u0131r\u0131lgan olan bir yerle\u015fim yerini etkiledi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar (Mizutori, UNDRR, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k olaylar\u0131 insani sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilerek genellikle afet de\u011fil, \u201c\u00e7evresel olay\u201d kabul ediliyor. Mevcut oranda artmaya devam ederse, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 2020-2052 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1,5\u00b0C\u2019ye ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n muhtemel oldu\u011funa dair uyar\u0131da bulunuyor. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n farkl\u0131 derecelerinin insani ihtiya\u00e7lar \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 etkileri oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. IPCC bulgular\u0131 2\u00b0C\u2019lik \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 1,5\u00b0C\u2019den daha b\u00fcy\u00fck etkileri olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k, deniz seviyesinde y\u00fckselme, g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi ve iklimle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 di\u011fer tehlikelerin daha y\u00fcksek oranlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. 2\u00b0C ya da 1,5\u00b0C\u2019lik art\u0131\u015f kula\u011fa k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik gibi gelmesine ra\u011fmen asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, k\u00fcresel ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k en az\u0131ndan son 10.000 y\u0131lda bu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermedi (K\u00fcresel G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme Laboratuvar\u0131) ve bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. 1,5\u00b0C ve 2\u00b0C \u00f6nemli kriterler \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya liderleri uzun vadeli \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 2100\u2019den \u00f6nce 2\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlamay\u0131 kabul ederken, \u00e7ok daha iddial\u0131 olan 1,5\u00b0C s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u201c\u00e7aba g\u00f6stermeyi\u201d taahh\u00fct etti (UNFCCC, 2015). Mevcut emisyonlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki mevcut iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi taahh\u00fctleri yerine getirilse bile, d\u00fcnya h\u00e2l\u00e2 2100 itibariyle 3 ila 5\u00b0C\u2019lik k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rme yolunda ilerliyor (Climate Action Tracker, 2019; UNEP, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve refah\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlike arz edecek \u015fekilde y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerdir.13 En \u00e7ok kentsel \u0131s\u0131 adas\u0131 etkisinin14 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirdi\u011fi \u015fehirlerde hissedilir ve \u00e7ok az ye\u015fil alan i\u00e7eren veya hi\u00e7 i\u00e7ermeyen, yo\u011fun \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilmi\u015f semtler daha da s\u0131cak olma e\u011filimindedir. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda, en \u015fiddetli s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 (yedisi) Avrupa15, Hindistan ve Japonya\u2019da kaydedildi ve toplamda 4.000 insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden oldu. Bu s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki 8 \u00fclkede 3.453 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti, en y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 Fransa (1.435) ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta (892) g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Hindistan ve Japonya\u2019da s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla 112 ve 173 ki\u015finin hayat\u0131na mal oldu. EM-DAT son on y\u0131lda 70.409 ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcren 38 s\u0131cak hava dalgas\u0131 kaydetti (2010\u2019da sadece Rusya\u2019da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak ve orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 55.736 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti). 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019daki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak hava dalgas\u0131 boyunca 2.500 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc; 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Banglade\u015f\u2019te ya\u015fanan 8 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cak hava dalgas\u0131 boyunca en az 3.800 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 \u00f6nceden var olan t\u0131bbi ko\u015fullar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirerek sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemleri \u00fczerinde bir y\u00fck olu\u015fturabilir, enerji sistemleri elektrik kesintilerine yol a\u00e7acak \u015fekilde zarar g\u00f6rebilir ve ula\u015f\u0131m kesintiye u\u011frayabilir.  S\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131lar; daha \u00f6nce kalp krizi, solunum hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve diyabet gibi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olanlar, izole edilmi\u015f insanlar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar, hamileler, g\u00fcn\u00fcn en s\u0131cak saatlerinde d\u0131\u015far\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, kilo ya da obezite sorunu olanlar ve evsizlerin de dahil oldu\u011fu belli gruplar i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle tehlikeli arz ediyor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sosyoekonomik stat\u00fc so\u011futma se\u00e7eneklerine eri\u015fimi s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir. Pek \u00e7ok tehlikede oldu\u011fu gibi, okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan ve bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclkenin ana dilini konu\u015fmayan ki\u015filer de uyar\u0131lar\u0131 anlayamayabilecekleri veya sa\u011fl\u0131k tavsiyelerini okuyamayabilecekleri i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek riskle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir s\u0131cak hava dalgas\u0131 meydana geldi\u011finde bundan en \u00e7ok kentsel alanlarda ya\u015fayan insanlar etkileniyor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu alanlar civardaki k\u0131rsal alanlardan daha s\u0131cak oluyor. \u015eu anda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 kentsel alanlarda ya\u015f\u0131yor ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle bu oran\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikiye \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seller yaralanma, \u00f6l\u00fcm, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131, mal kayb\u0131, binalar\u0131n ve altyap\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi ya da tahrip olmas\u0131, toplumlar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ya da yerinden edilmesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere yayg\u0131n hasar ve y\u0131k\u0131ma neden olabilir. Sel bask\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k etkileri de olabilir. Bo\u011fulma, yaralanma ve hipotermi gibi ani etkiler ile yetersiz beslenmede art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7an g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi (FAO, 2018), su kaynakl\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, ruhsal sorunlar, solunum yolu rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ve alerji gibi orta ve uzun vadeli dolayl\u0131 etkiler bulunuyor. Tekrar eden sel bask\u0131nlar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fbmetlerin ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn uzun vadeli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratabilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla suya kap\u0131l\u0131p s\u00fcr\u00fcklenebilir. De\u011fi\u015fen iklime uyum sa\u011flama b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm gerektirebiliyor. Ancak uzun vadeli ortak \u00e7abalar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma zamanlar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olma e\u011filiminde; bu k\u0131smen otoritelerin zay\u0131flamas\u0131ndan, ayr\u0131ca ulusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi yeniden tesis etmeye ve nihai olarak ekonomiyi canland\u0131rmaya odaklanmalar\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131yor. Yeterli kurumsal destek olmadan, insanlar ve toplumlar bu durumla ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek veya \u00e7e\u015fitlendirerek, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerinde uyarlamaya giderek veya evlerinden uzakla\u015farak ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u00c7ift\u00e7iler kulland\u0131klar\u0131 tohumlar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc veya sulama y\u00f6ntemlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyorlar. \u00c7obanlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir arazi par\u00e7as\u0131nda tar\u0131m yapmaya veya bal\u0131k tutmaya ba\u015flayabiliyor. Baz\u0131 aile \u00fcyeleri i\u015f bulmak i\u00e7in mevsimsel olarak ba\u015fka yerlere, hatta kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere bile ta\u015f\u0131nabiliyor. Yoksulluk, k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel nedenlerinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131n\u0131n \u201cUnbreakable\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 raporu, \u201cYoksul insanlar etkilendi\u011finde, kaybettikleri varl\u0131k pay\u0131n\u0131n yoksul olmayanlara k\u0131yasla iki ila \u00fc\u00e7 kat oldu\u011funu, bunun da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131ndan ve k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ortaya koyuyor (Hallegate vd, 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentsel alanlarda ya\u015fayan yoksul insanlar, atan s\u0131caklarda, \u00f6zellikle kenar mahallelerde ve gayri resm\u00ee yerle\u015fimlerde ikamet edenler d\u0131\u015flanma, g\u00fcvensiz bar\u0131nma, hayati hizmetlere s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 eri\u015fim, y\u00fcksek ya\u015fam maliyetleri, g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sa\u011fl\u0131k riskleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yor. Etkilerini hafifletmek veya ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ortak bir \u00e7aba ortaya koyulmazsa, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi t\u00fcm bu zorluklar\u0131 daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirecek. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korunmada \u00fclkemiz i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00f6neriler:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. K\u0131r\u0131lgan topluluklar olarak nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz \u015feker, tansiyon, kalp, ast\u0131m gibi bilenen hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlar, hamileler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve engelliler, \u00f6ncelikle saat 10-16 aras\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmamal\u0131, evlerde serin ortamlarda bulunmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Yine bu grup ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar i\u00e7in bol s\u0131v\u0131 al\u0131m\u0131, s\u0131k du\u015f yapmak, bah\u00e7e vs g\u00f6lgeli ortamlar\u0131 sulamak g\u00fcn i\u00e7in de s\u0131cak \u00e7arpmas\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecektir.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u00dclkemizde geleneksel \u201cyaylac\u0131l\u0131k\u201d, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar da deniz seviyesine yak\u0131n kent yerle\u015fimlerinden yukar\u0131 irtifalara,1000 m ve \u00fczeri,1500-2000 rak\u0131ma \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gerek nem\u2019in azalmas\u0131 gerekse de y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi sayesinde ya\u015fam kalitesini olumlu y\u00f6nde etkiler.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u00d6\u011flen 10-14 civar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmak kayd\u0131 ile deniz, g\u00f6l ve akarsular da y\u00fczme bilenlerin serinlemesi de s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131nda bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ya\u015fam konforunu artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. S\u0131cak kanl\u0131 bir canl\u0131 olan insan\u0131n, bulundu\u011fu ortama uyum i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131 olan <\/em><\/strong>;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    a) Evoporasyon (buharla\u015fma\/terleme, bunun i\u00e7in bol su i\u00e7ilmeli),\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    b) Konveksiyon (yelpazelenme ya da du\u015fa girme gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle hareket halindeki su ya da havaya \u0131s\u0131 transferi),\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    c) Kond\u00fcks\u00fcyon (serin bir yere oturma, yatma ile temasla \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131),<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    d) Radyasyon (\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yard\u0131m\u0131 ile \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131, k\u0131sa kollu atlet, \u015fort giyilmesi ile artar) y\u00f6ntemlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ya da hepsi s\u0131cak hava dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Climate Action Tracker (2019) Temperatures. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/global\/temperatures\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Climate Centre (2020) From Darkness to Illumination: Climate Grief and Resilience in a Sea of Warnings. https:\/\/www.climatecentre.org\/downloads\/files\/Grief%20for%20KIC%20-%20deliverable%20%282020-01-13%29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database. https:\/\/www.emdat.be\/FAO & FEWS NET (2013) Mortality among populations of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity and famine during 2010-2012. FAO Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit. https:\/\/www.fsnau.org\/products\/research-studies<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Hepburn C vd (2020) Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate or retard progress on climate change? Oxford Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Art. No. 20-02. https:\/\/www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk\/publications\/wpapers\/workingpaper20-02.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. Huang T (2020) Which Countries Are Most Vulnerable to Locust Swarms? World Resources Institute.19.05.2020. https:\/\/www.wri.org\/blog\/2020\/05\/coronavirus-locusts-food-insecurity<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. Yazar : Dr. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcyesi. M. Ferudun \u00c7elikmen Yeditepe \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Acil T\u0131p AD, TATDO\u011eA \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":883,"featured_media":33868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_angie_page":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_tatd_show_on_main_site":"","page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[10295,10307,10306,10308],"class_list":["post-33867","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","tag-cevresel-aciller","tag-iklim-degisikligi","tag-kuresel-isinma","tag-sicak-carpmasi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33867","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/883"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33867"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33867\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33868"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33867"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33867"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33867"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}