{"id":705,"date":"2024-06-06T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/?p=705"},"modified":"2024-06-05T19:43:54","modified_gmt":"2024-06-05T16:43:54","slug":"afet-lojistigi-iyi-yonetim-iyi-kaynaklar-iyi-personel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/genel\/afet-lojistigi-iyi-yonetim-iyi-kaynaklar-iyi-personel\/","title":{"rendered":"Afet Lojisti\u011fi: \u0130yi Y\u00f6netim \u0130yi Kaynaklar \u0130yi Personel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\n

K\u0131saltmalar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • AFAD<\/strong>: Afet ve Acil Durum Y\u00f6netimi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • EM-DAT<\/strong>: Acil Durum Olaylar\u0131 Veri Taban\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • OCHA<\/strong>: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130nsani Yard\u0131m Koordinasyon Ofisi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • UNISDR<\/strong>: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Afet Riski Azaltma Ofisi)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • TAMP<\/strong>: T\u00fcrkiye Afet Risklerinin Azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 Platformu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • INFORM<\/strong>: Avrupa Komisyonu Risk Y\u00f6netimi Endeksi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • UMKE<\/strong>: Ulusal Medikal Kurtarma Ekipleri<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • EMT<\/strong>: Emergency Medical Teams (Acil Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ekipleri)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n

    1.Giri\u015f:<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eehrinizdeki acil durum sisteminin t\u0131bbi saha direkt\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Bulundu\u011funuz \u015fehir merkezinde deprem oldu, il\u00e7eler ve k\u00f6ylerin de etkilendi\u011fini haber ald\u0131n\u0131z. Gelen ilk haberlere g\u00f6re, y\u00fczlerce binan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, devlet hastanesinin hizmet veremez hale geldi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendiniz. Olas\u0131 bir afette hastane binas\u0131 olarak kullanabilece\u011finiz kamu binalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden planlam\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131n\u0131z? T\u00fcm n\u00fcfusa hizmet verecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ve donan\u0131mda \u00e7ad\u0131rlardan olu\u015fan sahra hastaneniz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bina gereksiniminiz yok mu? Hastanede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011fl\u0131k personelinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 afetzede oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, hangi \u00e7evre illerden personel deste\u011fi gelece\u011fini daha \u00f6nce planlam\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131n\u0131z? Hastane d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli bak\u0131m hizmeti vermek i\u00e7in yeterli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015fardan gelecek personele ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z yok mu? T\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 ve t\u0131bbi malzeme ihtiyac\u0131 mevcut depolardaki stok ile kar\u015f\u0131lanabilecek mi? Malzeme deste\u011fi i\u00e7in hangi kurumlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015feceksiniz? \u0130l afet koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek eksiklerinizi tamamlayabilecek misiniz? \u015eehrin iki \u00f6nemli karayolu da hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in ilk saatlerde \u00e7evre illerden karayolu ile destek gelemeyece\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendiniz, \u00e7evre illerden destek gelebilmesi i\u00e7in havayolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z var. Mekanik ventilat\u00f6rler ve diyaliz cihazlar\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli ama b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli malzemeleri helikopterlerle nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131racaks\u0131n\u0131z. Elektrik \u015febekesinde ve telefon altyap\u0131s\u0131nda da hasar var. Enerji ve haberle\u015fme i\u00e7in alternatif planlar\u0131n\u0131z var m\u0131, \u00e7evre illerden destek mi bekleyeceksiniz? Yol, enerji, haberle\u015fme, su ve g\u0131da temini, ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131naklar, t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda konular bunlarla da m\u0131 ben ilgilenece\u011fim, diyebilir misiniz? Bu \u015fehrin afet plan\u0131 yok mu?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2.Lojistik: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Lojistik, kelime k\u00f6keni olarak mant\u0131k ve hesap kelimelerinin birle\u015fiminden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, (m\u00fc\u015fterilerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in) \u00fcretim noktas\u0131ndan t\u00fcketim noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kadar verimli bir \u015fekilde hareket etmesini sa\u011flayan mekanizman\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Lojistik, do\u011fru \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn minimum maliyetlerle do\u011fru yer ve zamanda optimum tedarik zinciri i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen t\u00fcm hareketlerini (imalat hari\u00e7) kapsamaktad\u0131r. Lojistik kavram\u0131, \u00fclkemizde daha \u00e7ok ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k ve depolama kavramlar\u0131yla bilinir. Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedeni ise; lojistik faaliyetlerin i\u00e7erisinde en \u00f6nemli faaliyetin ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k olmas\u0131 ve \u00f6nceden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de lojistik hizmetlerini nakliyecilik yapan firmalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.1<\/sup>Lojistik, madde ve malzeme ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve depolanmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcretimdeki stoklar\u0131, tamamlanan mamulleri, bunlarla ili\u015fkili hizmetleri ve bilgileri, m\u00fc\u015fteri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla, \u00fcretim noktas\u0131ndan t\u00fcketim noktas\u0131na planlayan, uygulayan ve etkinli\u011fi kontrol eden bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.2<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Foto\u011fraf 1.<\/strong> Kaynak AFAD<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    3.G\u00fcncel Afet Verileri: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Acil Durum Olaylar\u0131 Veri Taban\u0131 (EM-DAT) 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fal afetlerle ilgili toplam 399 afet kaydetti. Bu olaylar 86.473 \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7land\u0131 ve 93,1 milyon insan\u0131 etkiledi. Ekonomik kay\u0131plar 202,7 milyar ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131 buldu. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ve Suriye\u2019 de ya\u015fanan deprem, 56.683 \u00f6l\u00fcm ve 42,9 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 de\u011ferindeki hasarla, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve ekonomik hasar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u0131l\u0131n en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olay\u0131 oldu. Bu deprem, her iki \u00fclkede toplam 18 milyon insan\u0131 etkileyerek etkilenen bireyler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en etkili ikinci olay oldu. Endonezya\u2019da 2023\u2019 de ya\u015fanan kurakl\u0131k Haziran’dan Eyl\u00fcl\u2019e kadar 18,8 milyon insan\u0131 etkiledi. 3<\/sup>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130nsani Yard\u0131m Koordinasyon Ofisi (OCHA)\u2019ya g\u00f6re, Uluslararas\u0131 insani yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131, 2011 ile 2020 aras\u0131nda katlanarak artan bir yard\u0131m ihtiya\u00e7 talebi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131, yard\u0131m i\u00e7in hedeflenen insan say\u0131s\u0131 bu s\u00fcrede 59 milyon artt\u0131, yaln\u0131zca 2020-2022\u2019 de ise 74 milyon daha artt\u0131. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, ekonomik kriz, e\u015fitsizlik ve pandemiler yeni sorunlar olmasa da yard\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkenlerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131l boyunca insani yard\u0131m operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. T\u00fcm bu sorunlar etkile\u015fimleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen ve artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmez hale gelen yollarla birbirleriyle etkile\u015fiyorlar. 4 <\/sup>Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ya\u015fanan depremler istatistiksel a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ortalama olarak be\u015f y\u0131lda bir geni\u015f \u00e7apta can ve mal kayb\u0131na neden olan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir depremin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu depremler nedeniyle y\u0131lda ortalama olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 ki\u015finin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi ve 2.100 ki\u015finin de yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131; yine ortalama 7 binden fazla binan\u0131n depremler nedeniyle y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da a\u011f\u0131r derecede hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.5<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    6 \u015eubat 2023 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye saati ile 04:17’de ve 13:24\u2019te merkez \u00fcss\u00fc Kahramanmara\u015f\u2019\u0131n Pazarc\u0131k ve Elbistan il\u00e7eleri olan 7.7 ve 7.6 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerinde iki deprem meydana gelmi\u015ftir. 20 \u015eubat 2023 tarihinde de T\u00fcrkiye saati ile 20:04’te merkez \u00fcss\u00fc Hatay Yaylada\u011f\u0131 olan 6.4 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir deprem meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Ya\u015fanan depremler sonucunda 48 binden fazla insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, yar\u0131m milyondan fazla bina hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, ileti\u015fim ve enerji alt yap\u0131s\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6nemli maddi kay\u0131plar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.6<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Foto\u011fraf 2.<\/strong> Kaynak: AFAD<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    4.Afet Y\u00f6netimi: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    UNISDR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporunda  ilk kez, afet riskinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00f6nleme, azaltma ve haz\u0131rl\u0131k ilkelerini tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.7 <\/sup>Uluslararas\u0131 Afet Risklerini Azaltma \u00c7er\u00e7evesinin 2005\u2019te kabul edilmesiyle birlikte, devletlerin, bu terimlerin program ve kurum geli\u015ftirme, operasyonlar, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, e\u011fitim m\u00fcfredat\u0131 ve kamu bilgilendirme programlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere geni\u015f \u00e7apta uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcncellenmesini talep etti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Terimler, yasal nitelikte olmasa da y\u00f6netim \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli etki olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2009’da yenilenen terimler, 2017’de tekrar g\u00fcncellenmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f terimlerde, \u00f6nleme, mevcut ve yeni afet risklerinden ka\u00e7\u0131nma faaliyetleri ve \u00f6nlemleri olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Azaltma, tehlikeli bir olay\u0131n olumsuz etkilerini azaltma veya en aza indirme olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Haz\u0131rl\u0131k, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131, toplumlar ve bireyler taraf\u0131ndan etkili bir \u015fekilde beklenen, yak\u0131n veya mevcut afetlerin etkilerine yan\u0131t vermek ve yeniden iyile\u015fmek i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen bilgi ve kapasite olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.8 <\/sup>Kurumlar aras\u0131 e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flamak, yetki karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti afet y\u00f6netim sisteminde ve te\u015fkilat\u0131nda 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gidilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Afet ve Acil Durum Y\u00f6netimi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (AFAD) 29.05.2009 5902 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019la kurulmu\u015ftur. AFAD \u00f6nleme, azaltma ve haz\u0131rl\u0131k terimlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik afet y\u00f6netimi\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011fini yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlar\u0131nda belirtmektedir (\u015eekil 1.).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eekil 1.  B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik afet d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc (Kaynak AFAD)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    AFAD\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 istatistik y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Avrupa komisyonu Risk Y\u00f6netimi Endeksi (INFORM) raporu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi; tehlike ve maruz kalma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek riskli; buna kar\u015f\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rebilirlikte orta ve ba\u015f etme kapasitesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck riskli bir \u00fclke olarak nitelendirmenin do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131 yorumu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.9<\/sup> <\/sup>2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Afet Risklerinin Azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 Platformu (TAMP) kurulmu\u015ftur. Platformla, afet ve acil durumlara ili\u015fkin \u00fclke d\u00fczeyinde tehlikelerin \u00f6nlenmesi, toplumun afetlere duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, risk azaltma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, risk azaltman\u0131n her d\u00fczeyde plan, politika ve programlara entegrasyonun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Platform, ilgili kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131, sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131, \u00fcniversiteler, yerel y\u00f6netimler, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r, medya temsilcilerinden olu\u015fan 73 ki\u015filik \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00fcyeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. TAMP, t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip, \u00f6zel hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine t\u00e2bi, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc sosyal hizmet kurulu\u015fu olan K\u0131z\u0131lay\u2019a beslenme ve kan temini hizmetlerinin ana sorumlulu\u011funu vermi\u015ftir. Bar\u0131nma, insani yard\u0131m, sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi di\u011fer alanlarda da bu kurum destek kurulu\u015f niteli\u011findedir. Ulusal Medikal Kurtarma Ekipleri (UMKE) 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kocaeli depreminden sonra, kurtar\u0131lan insanlara sahada t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m hizmetine ba\u015flanabilmesi amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur. Afet sonras\u0131 sahra hastaneleri kurabilen, ekipman ve sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli sa\u011flayan UMKE, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn Acil Sa\u011fl\u0131k Ekibi (EMT) Tip 2 standartlar\u0131na kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    5.Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130ngilizce \u201cresilience\u201d kelimesinden \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. \u201cResilience\u201d kelimesi ise bir maddenin b\u00fck\u00fcld\u00fckten, gerildikten sonra ilk \u015fekline geri d\u00f6nmesi anlam\u0131na gelir. Afet alan\u0131nda dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n ilk kullan\u0131m\u0131, Timmerman taraf\u0131ndan “K\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k, Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ve Toplumun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalede iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ele al\u0131narak yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131da, bir toplum, birikmi\u015f stoklara veya rezervlere sahipse, altyap\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131nda yedek kapasite bulunuyorsa, kaynaklar\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, teknolojisi ve afetlerin etkileriyle m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in birikmi\u015f zenginli\u011fi varsa, daha etkili bir \u015fekilde toparlanabilece\u011fine de\u011finildi.10 <\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, bir toplumun afetlerden ve \u015fiddet ve ekonomik durgunluklar gibi di\u011fer sorunlardan iyile\u015fme kapasitesi ve gelecekteki olumsuz olaylara daha iyi dayanabilecek \u015fekilde g\u00fc\u00e7lenme kapasitesi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Kaynaklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, acil durum sonras\u0131 yard\u0131m gelene kadar toplumlar\u0131n kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na kalabilece\u011fi ve bu nedenle acil durumdan \u00f6nce dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k in\u015fa etmesi gerekti\u011fi daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ayr\u0131ca, bir acil durum sonras\u0131nda uzun kurtarma s\u00fcrelerini azaltma yetene\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik \u00f6nemdedir, aksi halde ulusal ve yerel d\u00fczeyde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zaman ve kaynak gerekebilir. Toplum dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n afetin stresine dayanma ve azaltma yetene\u011fi olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair genel bir fikir birli\u011fi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kesin dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k in\u015fa s\u00fcreci konusunda daha az netlik bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilecek bile\u015fenler veya toplumlar\u0131n daha h\u0131zl\u0131 iyile\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan eylemlerin hangileri oldu\u011fu konusunda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bilgiye sahibiz.11<\/sup>Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, yaln\u0131zca afetlerin anl\u0131k etkilerinden kurtarmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda gelecekteki olaylar i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00fczeyini art\u0131racak \u015fekilde yeniden in\u015fa etmeyi de i\u00e7erir. Bu, altyap\u0131y\u0131 yeniden kurmak, etkilenen bireylere ve topluluklara destek sa\u011flamak, gelecekteki benzer afet riskini azaltacak \u00f6nlemleri uygulamak anlam\u0131na gelir. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131 toplumlar, de\u011fi\u015fen ko\u015fullara uyum sa\u011flayabilir, bu zorluklar\u0131n etkilerini hafifletebilir ve altta yatan sorunlar\u0131 ele almak i\u00e7in yenilik\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler bulabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    6.Hastaneler: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Acil servisler, bir afette hastalar\u0131n erken y\u00f6netiminde kritik rol oynar. Acil Servis personeli e\u011fitim ve tatbikatlar yoluyla bu zorlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131r olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemindeki rol\u00fc gere\u011fi, acil servis afetlere yan\u0131tta \u00f6nc\u00fc konumdad\u0131r. Son 20 y\u0131lda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki sosyal huzursuzluk, sava\u015f ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi felaketlerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131, uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131n\u0131n bilgi birikimini, haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kitlesel yaralanmalara yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Acil servis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fen i\u015f y\u00fcklerine ve ani art\u0131\u015flara h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde uyum sa\u011flamaya al\u0131\u015fk\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu esneklik, kitlesel yaralanma olaylar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flama s\u00fcrecinin, di\u011fer uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha az dramatik hale gelmesini sa\u011flar.12 <\/sup>Afet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 zamanlarda, hastanelerimizin mevcut yatak kapasitesinin yeterli olmamas\u0131, acil muayene ve tedavisi yap\u0131lan, yatarak tedavi edilmesi gereken hastalar\u0131n acilden yo\u011fun bak\u0131m ve servislere yat\u0131r\u0131larak tedavisinin ba\u015flanmas\u0131nda gecikmeye yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r (Tablo 1, \u015eekil 2, \u015eekil 3)<\/strong>. Bu durum acil servis kalabal\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Halihaz\u0131rda yetersiz olan yatak say\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, afet oldu\u011funda nas\u0131l artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131z?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Elektif cerrahi operasyonlar\u0131 iptal ederek, normal zamanda taburcu etmeyece\u011fimiz ama durumu \u00e7ok ciddi olmayan hastalar\u0131 taburcu ederek istedi\u011fimiz kadar yatak elde edebilir miyiz?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Kalabal\u0131k acil servislerde, afet sahalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f tecr\u00fcbeli acil hekimleri kaos ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda do\u011fa\u00e7lama \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretme konusunda deneyimli olsalar da hasta bak\u0131 alan\u0131 ve ekipman yetersizliklerinin hasta bak\u0131m kalitesini azaltaca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fikard\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Fahrettin Koca depremden 6 ay sonra bas\u0131na verdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klamada Hatay E\u011fitim Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Hastane binas\u0131 ile ilgili olarak \u2018\u2019 2016’da a\u00e7\u0131lan bu binan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 yere hastane yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi, nedenini ise yeri do\u011fru de\u011fil. Bu bina kullan\u0131lamaz. Y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Zemini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131. Yeni bir riskli durum olu\u015fturmak istemiyoruz\u201d diyerek a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Stratejik \u00f6neme sahip hastane binalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nce do\u011fru zemine, depreme dayan\u0131kl\u0131 in\u015fa etmemiz gerekti\u011fini, yede\u011fin de yede\u011finin olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z k\u00f6t\u00fc deneyimle \u00f6\u011frendik. Be\u015f y\u0131lda bir b\u00fcy\u00fck afet ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan bir \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yedek kapasite ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck depremleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek farkl\u0131 afet t\u00fcrlerine uygun senaryolar olu\u015fturarak afetlerde acil servis kapasitesi, servis yata\u011f\u0131, yo\u011fun bak\u0131m \u00fcnitesi yata\u011f\u0131, t\u0131bbi ekipman ve sarf malzemesi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yerel imkanlarla kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde planlamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Mehmet \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Sever Van Depremi sonras\u0131 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde , pek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6stermesine ra\u011fmen, genelde depremlerde \u00f6l\u00fc\/yaral\u0131 oran\u0131n\u0131n 1\/3 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini, ezilme sendromunun t\u00fcm yaral\u0131lar\u0131n %2 ile %5\u2019inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Marmara, Bing\u00f6l ve Van depremlerinin rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n bu oranlar ile kaba bir benzerlik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini,  bundan sonra olu\u015facak depremlerde bu rakamlar\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve  lojistik y\u00f6nden personel ve malzeme teminini bu rakamlara g\u00f6re planlanmaya devam edece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.13<\/sup>Nepal, standartlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck binalara ve altyap\u0131ya sahip ve depremlere kar\u015f\u0131 en savunmas\u0131z \u00fclkelerden biridir. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nepal, Richter \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine g\u00f6re 7.8 ve 7.3 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde iki deprem ya\u015fad\u0131. Toplamda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 9,000 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti, 22,000 ki\u015fi yaraland\u0131 ve 2,000,000 ki\u015fi evsiz kald\u0131. Etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerdeki sa\u011fl\u0131k tesislerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %90’\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 veya ciddi \u015fekilde hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u0130\u015flevsel olan sa\u011fl\u0131k tesisleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcklendi ve t\u0131bbi malzeme k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, felaketten etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerde sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti gereksinimlerine yan\u0131t verme yetene\u011fi zay\u0131flad\u0131.14<\/sup>
      <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      Tablo 1. <\/strong>Dallara G\u00f6re Hastane ve Yatak Say\u0131lar\u0131, 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
      \n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u015eekil 2. <\/strong>10.000 ki\u015fiye d\u00fc\u015fen hastane yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, 2021 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      \n
      \n
      \n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u015eekil 3. <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye ve Sekt\u00f6rlere G\u00f6re Yo\u011fun Bak\u0131m Yatak Say\u0131lar\u0131 ve Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, (%) 2022 <\/p>\n\n\n\n


      <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

      7.Strateji: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Wassenhove’a15<\/sup> g\u00f6re, planlama stratejisi be\u015f kritik unsuru i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. \u0130nsan kaynaklar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131; afet durumunda koordinasyon ve m\u00fcdahaleyi y\u00f6netecek ve yapacak ki\u015filerin se\u00e7imi ve e\u011fitimi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Bilgi y\u00f6netimi; \u00f6nceki olaylar hakk\u0131nda bilgiyi depolama, kodlama ve kullanma, b\u00f6ylece \u00f6nleme ve destek stratejilerini geli\u015ftirme,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Operasyon y\u00f6netimi; yard\u0131m toplama merkezlerinin ve bar\u0131naklar\u0131n konumu, destek kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m rotalar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli senaryolar alt\u0131nda tahliye rotalar\u0131,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Mali kaynaklar; yard\u0131m operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in parasal kaynaklar\u0131n tahsisi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      5. \u0130\u015f birli\u011fi; afet durumunda \u00e7e\u015fitli akt\u00f6rleri (h\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar, STK’lar ve toplum) tan\u0131mlamak ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda insani lojistik \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 koordine etmek.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

         <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

        Yazar\u0131n Son S\u00f6z\u00fc: <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Farkl\u0131 tipte afetlere g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f senaryolara dayanan, \u00f6nceden ciddi tatbikatlar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f afet operasyon ve yeniden iyile\u015ftirme planlar\u0131 yapmal\u0131y\u0131z. \u00a0<\/strong>Afetlerde dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gereken kapasite art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeliyiz. \u00d6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck depremleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek farkl\u0131 afet t\u00fcrlerine uygun senaryolar olu\u015fturarak afetlerde acil servis kapasitesi, servis yata\u011f\u0131, yo\u011fun bak\u0131m \u00fcnitesi yata\u011f\u0131, t\u0131bbi ekipman ve sarf malzemesi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yerel imkanlarla kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde planlamal\u0131y\u0131z. <\/strong>Daha \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z afetlerde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hatalar\u0131, d\u00fczeltilmesi gereken eksiklerimizi konu\u015fmal\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z. Ancak bu \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 hatalar\u0131 yapmam\u0131z\u0131 engelleyebiliriz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Kaynaklar:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisinde Lojistik Logistics In The Turkish Economy, \u0130brahim Halil O\u011eUZ, Demet O\u011eUZ, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015fletme ve Ekonomi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Dergisi Y\u0131l: 2019, Cilt: 1, Say\u0131: 2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Demir, V. (2008). Lojistik y\u00f6netim sisteminde maliyet hesaplamas\u0131. Nobel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k:\u0130stanbul<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. OCHA’s Strategic Plan 2023-2026: Transforming Humanitarian Coordination<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. AFAD 2011 Van Depremi Raporu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        6. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Strateji ve B\u00fct\u00e7e Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kahramanmara\u015f ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu 2024<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        7. UNISDR , Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives , vol. II: Annexes ( Geneva :  UN , 2004 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        8. Aronsson-Storrier, (2019) Exploring the foundations: the principles of prevention, mitigation, and preparedness in international law, role of international law in disaster risk reduction. In: Samuel, K. L. H., Aronsson-Storrier, The Cambridge Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction and International Law. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        9. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Afet Y\u00f6netimi ve Do\u011fa Kaynakl\u0131 Afet \u0130statistikleri AFAD 2018<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        10. Vulnerability. Resilience and the collapse of society: A review of models and possible climatic applications. Peter Timmerman, Environmental Monograph No. 1, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, 1981<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        11. Chandra, A.; Acosta, J.; Howard, S.; Uscher-Pines, L.; Williams, M.; Yeung, D.; Garnett, J.; Meredith, L.S. Building community resilience to disasters: A way forward to enhance national health security. Rand Health Q. 2011<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        12. Ciottone\u2019s Disaster Medicine; Gregory R Ciottone; Third Edition 2024<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        13. Van Depremi\u2019nin Ard\u0131ndan: Yine Yeniden Deprem Once More – Still Another Disaster: The Van Earthquake Mehmet \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Sever R\u00fcmeyza Kazanc\u0131o\u011flu Turk Neph Dial Transpl 2012; 21<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        14. Impact of 2015 earthquakes on a local hospital in Nepal: A prospective hospital-based study Samita Giri, et al. Published: February 2, 2018,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        15. Van-Wassenhove LN (2006) Humanitarian aid logistics: supply chain management in high gear. J Oper Res Soc 57(5):475\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          K\u0131saltmalar: 1.Giri\u015f: \u015eehrinizdeki acil durum sisteminin t\u0131bbi saha direkt\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Bulundu\u011funuz \u015fehir merkezinde deprem oldu, il\u00e7eler ve k\u00f6ylerin de etkilendi\u011fini haber ald\u0131n\u0131z. Gelen…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1456,"featured_media":715,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10043,1],"tags":[10082,10059,10088,10053,10078],"class_list":["post-705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-afet-yazi-dizisi","category-genel","tag-6-subat-kahramanmaras-depremleri","tag-afet","tag-afet-lojistigi","tag-afet-tibbi","tag-yonetim"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1456"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=705"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/705\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}