![\"\"](\"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/06\/e3814f212dedc801985df75baf7b2db0.jpg\")
<\/p>\nAfetler nerede, ne zaman ve hangi ko\u015fullarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131 tam olarak belli olmayan olaylard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fclemez durum afetlere s\u00fcrekli haz\u0131r olma gereklili\u011fini beraberinde getirir. Afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 afet risk y\u00f6netimi evresinin esas i\u015fleyi\u015fini te\u015fkil eder. Afet y\u00f6netimi payda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7e\u015fitli kurum-kurulu\u015flar\u0131n ve halk\u0131n afet haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, afetler ile ilgili mali, maddi ve insani kay\u0131plar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mekte olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Sa\u011fl\u0131k kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ile sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonellerinin afetlerde haz\u0131r bulunu\u015flar\u0131 da afetler ile ili\u015fkili en \u00f6nemli kay\u0131p olan insan ya\u015fam\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n ve morbiditelerin \u00f6nlenebilmesi veya azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
Sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonellerinin meslek e\u011fitimleri tarih i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla devam ettirilmekle beraber yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fimize kadar s\u0131kl\u0131kla usta \u00e7\u0131rak ili\u015fkisine dayanan, \u201cg\u00f6r, yap ve \u00f6\u011fret\u201d temas\u0131yla desteklenen yaparak \u00f6\u011fren anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi (\u015eekil 1)[1]. Ancak bu y\u00f6ntem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hastalar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok g\u00fcvenilir kabul edilmemekle birlikte, nadir rastlanan klinik durumlarda ya da afetler gibi pratik imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunmayan durumlarda yeterli beceri kazan\u0131mlar\u0131na engel olmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendisine farkl\u0131 disiplinlerde geni\u015f yer bulan sim\u00fclasyon tabanl\u0131 e\u011fitimler, afet m\u00fcdahaleleri i\u00e7in e\u011fitim ve haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famalar\u0131nda da s\u0131k ba\u015fvurulan y\u00f6ntemlerdendir.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u015eekil 1. Hasta ba\u015f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretim uygulamalar\u0131 [2]<\/p>\n
Sim\u00fclasyon en basit tan\u0131m\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ek olaydan ge\u00e7meden bir deneyim \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntem veya tekniktir[3]. Sim\u00fclasyonlar, durum veya olay\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile bilgi ve beceri kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kazan\u0131lan bilgilerin yap\u0131lan uygulamalar ile desteklenmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan yapay durum taklitleridir. Sim\u00fclasyonlar gerece\u011fe yak\u0131n klinik deneyim ya\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda teorik bilginin peki\u015ftirilmesini g\u00fcvenli ve kontroll\u00fc ortamlarda sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar, e\u011fitim, de\u011ferlendirme veya ara\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ek bir hasta bak\u0131m durumunu taklit eden bir cihaz veya cihaz serisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r [4]. Medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n tarihinin olduk\u00e7a eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Antik \u00e7a\u011fda kil ve ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lan modeller \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klar\u0131n klinik modellemelerinde kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131[5]. Mezopotamya\u2019da tap\u0131nak rahipleri taraf\u0131ndan koyun akci\u011fer ve karaci\u011ferlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 da medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli kan\u0131tlardand\u0131r [6]. Zaman i\u00e7erisinde medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar farkl\u0131 a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hartford Hastanesi hem\u015firelerini e\u011fitmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ger\u00e7ek boyutlu manken \u201cBayan Chase\u201d,<\/strong> 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda askeri alanda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere \u00fcretilen erkek mankenler ve 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda Laerdal Medical taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen insanlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zdan a\u011fza ventilasyon ve daha sonra manuel g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kompresyonlar\u0131 konusunda e\u011fitmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u201cRescue Annie\u201d<\/strong> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131ndand\u0131r[7].<\/p>\n MED\u0130KAL S\u0130M\u00dcLASYON \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n Medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar; ger\u00e7ek boyutlu t\u00fcm v\u00fccut mankenler, hayvanlar veya kadavralar kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc akt\u00f6r hastalar ile klinik senaryolar\u0131n\u0131n sim\u00fcle edilebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi par\u00e7a g\u00f6rev e\u011fiticileri, ekran tabanl\u0131 sim\u00fclat\u00f6rler, sanal ger\u00e7eklik sim\u00fclat\u00f6rleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaynakl\u0131 sim\u00fclat\u00f6rler ve hibrit sim\u00fclasyonlar da afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan di\u011fer sim\u00fclat\u00f6r \u00e7e\u015fitleridir (\u015eekil 2)[4].<\/p>\n \u015eekil 2. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc akt\u00f6r hastalar kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen afet sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 [8]<\/p>\n T\u00fcm v\u00fccut mankenleri afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonellerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilece\u011fi klinik vakalar\u0131 anatomik ve fizyolojik \u00f6zellikleri ile taklit edebilecekleri i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131rlar (\u015eekil 3). Mankenlerin \u00f6zelliklerine ve ayarlanan senaryolara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar farkl\u0131 hasta gruplar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirmesine kat\u0131lma ve farkl\u0131 invaziv prosed\u00fcrleri uygulama imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulabilirler.<\/p>\n \u015eekil 3. Mankenlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sim\u00fclasyon egzersizleri [9]<\/p>\n Par\u00e7a g\u00f6rev e\u011fiticileri t\u00fcm v\u00fccut sim\u00fclasyonu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n sadece belirli prosed\u00fcrlerin uygulanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n verir. Bu uygulamalar endotrakeal ent\u00fcbasyon ya da intraven\u00f6z giri\u015fim gibi farkl\u0131 zorluk seviyelerinde olabilir(\u015eekil 4).<\/p>\n \u015eekil 4. Par\u00e7a g\u00f6rev e\u011fiticisi kullan\u0131m\u0131 [10]<\/p>\n Ekran tabanl\u0131 sim\u00fclat\u00f6rler bilgisayar ekran\u0131, tablet, ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon ya da ekran kullanan bir cihazda hastalar\u0131, pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 veya sa\u011fl\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden dijital uygulamalar kullan\u0131rlar[11]. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z say\u0131da tekrar, kolay ta\u015f\u0131ma, mutlak canl\u0131 bir e\u011fitmene ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmamas\u0131, tek yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ayn\u0131 anda birden fazla cihazda kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi avantajlara sahipken, ekran kullan\u0131larak uygulamalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6nemli bir dezavantajd\u0131r[11]. Ekran tabanl\u0131 sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 disiplinlerdeki uygulay\u0131c\u0131lara, e\u015f zamanl\u0131 ayn\u0131 uygulama \u00fczerinde sanal bir ekip olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya imk\u00e2n vermesi bu sim\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131nda meslekler aras\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011finin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na izin verebilir. Ekran tabanl\u0131 sim\u00fclasyonlarda sanal hastalara m\u00fcdahalenin yan\u0131nda uygulay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bir avatar vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile sanal d\u00fcnyaya giri\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve birden fazla ortam ve durumla etkile\u015fime girebildi\u011fi sim\u00fclasyonlar da bulunabilir (\u015eekil 5).<\/p>\n \u015eekil 5. Bir hem\u015fire avatar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile triaj e\u011fitimi\u00a0 [12]<\/p>\n Cerrahi ve invaziv prosed\u00fcrel uygulamalar i\u00e7in el g\u00f6z koordinasyonu ve psikomotor beceriler geli\u015ftirme ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan sanal g\u00f6rev e\u011fiticileri ve uygulamalarda kullan\u0131labilen haptik sim\u00fclat\u00f6rler ile afet ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ger\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131n deneyim ve beceriler kazand\u0131r\u0131labilir(\u015eekil 6)[11].<\/p>\n \u015eekil 6. Haptik \u00f6zellikli sanal ger\u00e7eklik krikotirotomi sim\u00fclat\u00f6r\u00fc [13]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaynakl\u0131 sim\u00fclasyonlar ise ger\u00e7ek deneyime yak\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenme sa\u011flayabilecek bireysel ya da lokal imkanlarla haz\u0131rlanan uygulamalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hibrit sim\u00fclasyonlar mankenler ile akt\u00f6r hastalar\u0131n kombinasyonunu ya da akt\u00f6r hastalar ile par\u00e7a g\u00f6rev e\u011fiticilerin kombinasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erebilir[4].<\/p>\n AFET TIBBINDA S\u0130M\u00dcLASYONLARIN KULLANIMI<\/strong><\/p>\n Afetler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekans ve y\u00fcksek riske sahip olaylard\u0131r. Afet m\u00fcdahaleleri i\u00e7in yeterli haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fmak bu y\u00fczden zorlu ve zorunludur.<\/p>\n Sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u0131kl\u0131kla masa ba\u015f\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tatbikatlara dayanmaktad\u0131r. Masa ba\u015f\u0131 tatbikatlar\u0131 afetlerin m\u00fcdahale basama\u011f\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131k i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kurum i\u00e7i (Hastane Afet ve Acil Durum Plan\u0131 tatbikatlar\u0131 gibi) veya kurumlar aras\u0131 acil durum m\u00fcdahalelerinde g\u00f6rev alacak acil durum y\u00f6neticileri, kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n veya departmanlar\u0131n\u0131n acil durum uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder. Bu sayede stresli, karma\u015f\u0131k ve belirsizliklerle dolu olan afet d\u00f6nemleri \u00f6ncesinde acil durum yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc, beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilme becerisi gibi kazan\u0131mlar elde edilir. Masa ba\u015f\u0131 tatbikatlar\u0131 D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DS\u00d6) taraf\u0131ndan afet sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak aktar\u0131lan; planlama varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 ile prosed\u00fcrlerin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesine ve beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirli\u011fin test edilmesine izin verir[14].<\/p>\n Operasyon tabanl\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ya da ger\u00e7ek \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131n sim\u00fclasyonlar afet t\u0131bb\u0131 alan\u0131nda yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan bir di\u011fer sim\u00fclasyon \u00e7e\u015fididir. Bu sim\u00fclasyonlarda aktif uygulamalar da bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 planlamay\u0131, planlanan prosed\u00fcrlerin ve afetlerde g\u00f6rev alabilecek personellerin de\u011ferlendirilebilmesini sa\u011flar. Operasyon tabanl\u0131 sim\u00fclasyonlarda par\u00e7a g\u00f6rev e\u011fiticileri yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ya da \u201cmoulage\u201d uygulanm\u0131\u015f akt\u00f6r hastalar, anatomik ve fizyolojik uyarlanabilir \u00f6zellikli mankenler veya \u00fczerine klinik bilgileri yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sabit mankenler kullan\u0131labilir (\u015eekil 7). Bu hastalara ger\u00e7e\u011fe birebir uyan klinik bak\u0131m uygulanamasa da sim\u00fclasyonun \u00e7e\u015fitlerine g\u00f6re kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara belirli seviyelerde klinik yetkinlik kazand\u0131rmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u015eekil 7. 2022 AB MODEX T\u00fcrkiye Saha Tatbikatlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan moulage uygulanm\u0131\u015f akt\u00f6r hasta [15]<\/p>\n Co\u011frafi alan \u00f6zellikleri ya da farkl\u0131 klinik uygulamalar i\u00e7in farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f afet sim\u00fclasyon \u00e7e\u015fitleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u0131zla geli\u015ftirilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir masa\u00fcst\u00fc ara y\u00fcz ve bir dijital kalemden olu\u015fan \u201cDIGTable\u201d gibi bir sim\u00fclasyon \u00e7e\u015fidi kullan\u0131c\u0131lara \u015fehir haritalar\u0131na ya da co\u011frafi bilgi sistemlerine ula\u015fmalar\u0131na izin vererek t\u0131bbi tahliye gibi daha lokal olmas\u0131 gereken yan\u0131tlar i\u00e7in uygulama imkan\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir[16].<\/p>\n \u015eekil 8. DIGTable kullan\u0131m\u0131 (Disaster Imagination Game Table- Afet Hayal G\u00fcc\u00fc Oyunu Masas\u0131)[16]<\/p>\n Sim\u00fclasyonlar DS\u00d6 taraf\u0131ndan da s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan afet haz\u0131rl\u0131k ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndand\u0131r. 2016-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda DS\u00d6 taraf\u0131ndan 117 sim\u00fclasyon egzersizinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve rapor edilenlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun epidemi ve pandemileri konu edindikleri bilinmektedir[17]. Covid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 11 Mart 2020\u2019de DS\u00d6 taraf\u0131ndan pandemi olarak ilan edilmi\u015f, 2022 Haziran ay\u0131 itibari ile k\u00fcresel 532 milyon vaka, 6 milyon \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[18][19]. Pandeminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan beri bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke haz\u0131rl\u0131k ve m\u00fcdahalelerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in sim\u00fclasyonlardan yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[17].<\/p>\n Afet haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131nda sim\u00fclasyonlar; olay komuta sistemi, afet triaj\u0131, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k m\u00fcdahaleleri, dekontaminasyon, kitlesel olaylar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi, dalgalanma kapasitesi, ter\u00f6r-sava\u015f durumlar\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 olaylara \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli yan\u0131tlar i\u00e7in, hastane \u00f6ncesi, hastane ve hastane sonras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm sa\u011fl\u0131k yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n afet \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde, g\u00fcvenli bir ortamda kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve peki\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Afetlerde medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar hem sa\u011fl\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan gruplar aras\u0131nda hem de sa\u011fl\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ile di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131nda etkili bir ileti\u015fim becerisi geli\u015ftirilmesine ve uyumlu bir afet yan\u0131t\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Gelecekte farkl\u0131 sim\u00fclasyon \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin sa\u011fl\u0131k e\u011fitimlerinde yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonellerinin olas\u0131 afetlere daha h\u0131zl\u0131, daha uygun ve daha etkin yan\u0131t vermeleri sa\u011flanabilir. Medikal sim\u00fclasyonlar afetlerin karanl\u0131k ortamlar\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonellerinin yollar\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutabilir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/p>\n 1 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vozenilek J, Huff JS, Reznek M, Gordon JA. See one, do one, teach one: Advanced technology in medical education. Acad Emerg Med<\/em> 2004;11<\/strong>:1149\u201354.<\/p>\n 2 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Image: medstudents.jpg College | LoveToKnow. https:\/\/college.lovetoknow.com\/image\/202503~medstudents.jpg (accessed 14 Jun2022).<\/p>\n 3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 So HY, Chen PP, Wong GKC, Chan TTN. Simulation in medical education. J R Coll Physicians Edinb<\/em> 2019;49<\/strong>:52\u20137.<\/p>\n 4 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pozner CN, Alaska YA. Medical simulation in disaster preparedness<\/em>. 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc. 2016. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-323-28665-7.00026-1<\/p>\n 5 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gunawan I, Afiantari F, Kusumaningrum DE, Thasbikha SA, Zulkarnain W, Ichwanda Burham AS, et al.<\/em> Improving disaster response through disaster simulation. Int J Innov Creat Chang<\/em> 2019;5<\/strong>:640\u201353.<\/p>\n 6 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kunkler K. The role of medical simulation: an overview \u2020. Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg<\/em> 2006;2<\/strong>:203\u201310.<\/p>\n 7 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aebersold M. The history of simulation and its impact on the future. AACN Adv Crit Care<\/em> 2016;27<\/strong>:56\u201361.<\/p>\n 8 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gable BD, Misra A, Doos DM, Hughes PG, Clayton LM, Ahmed RA. Disaster Day: A Simulation-Based Disaster Medicine Curriculum for Novice Learners. J Med Educ Curric Dev<\/em> 2021;8<\/strong>:238212052110207.<\/p>\n 9 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scott LA, Carson DS, Greenwell IB. Disaster 101: A novel approach to disaster medicine training for health professionals. J Emerg Med<\/em> 2010;39<\/strong>:220\u20136.<\/p>\n 10 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fit-on Intravouns Injection Trainer I.V. Pad (5 pcs\/ set) (M181) | Injection Index | Product Index | SAKAMOTO MODEL CORPORATION. http:\/\/www.sakamoto-model.com\/product\/injection\/m181\/index.html (accessed 14 Jun2022).<\/p>\n 11 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chang TP, Gerard J, Pusic M V. Screen-Based Simulation, Virtual Reality, and Haptic Simulators. 2016;:105\u201314.<\/p>\n 12 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foronda CL, Shubeck K, Swoboda SM, Hudson KW, Budhathoki C, Sullivan N, et al.<\/em> Impact of Virtual Simulation to Teach Concepts of Disaster Triage. Clin Simul Nurs<\/em> 2016;12<\/strong>:137\u201344.<\/p>\n 13 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qi D, Petrusa E, Kruger U, Milef N, Abu-Nuwar MR, Haque M, et al.<\/em> Surgeons With Five or More Actual Cricothyrotomies Perform Significantly Better on a VR Simulator. J Surg Res<\/em> 2020;252<\/strong>:247\u201354.<\/p>\n 14 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation exercises. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/operations\/simulation-exercises (accessed 31 May2022).<\/p>\n 15 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Acil Yard\u0131m ve Afet Y\u00f6netimi. http:\/\/syo-ayay.web.nku.edu.tr\/B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00d6\u011frencileriABMODEXT\u00dcRK\u0130YESahaTatbikat\u0131ndayerald\u0131\/haberayrinti\/m\/0\/36455\/572 (accessed 14 Jun2022).<\/p>\n 16 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kobayashi K, Narita A, Hirano M, Tanaka K, Katada T, Kuwasawa N. DIGTable: A Tabletop Simulation System for Disaster Education. Proc Sixth Int Conf Pervasive Comput<\/em> 2008;:57\u201360.<\/p>\n 17 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Copper FA, Mayigane LN, Pei Y, Charles D, Nguyen TN, Vente C, et al.<\/em> Simulation exercises and after action reviews \u2013 analysis of outputs during 2016\u20132019 to strengthen global health emergency preparedness and response. Global Health<\/em> 2020;16<\/strong>. doi:10.1186\/S12992-020-00632-W<\/p>\n 18 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed<\/em> 2020;91<\/strong>:157\u201360.<\/p>\n 19 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 DS\u00d6 Coronavir\u00fcs\u00fc (COVID-19) Panosu | WHO Coronavir\u00fcs (COVID-19) A\u015f\u0131lama Verileri ile Pano. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/ (accessed 13 Jun2022).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Afetler nerede, ne zaman ve hangi ko\u015fullarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131 tam olarak belli olmayan olaylard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fclemez durum afetlere s\u00fcrekli haz\u0131r olma…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1450,"featured_media":559,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10043],"tags":[10059,10053,10066],"class_list":["post-554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-afet-yazi-dizisi","tag-afet","tag-afet-tibbi","tag-medikal-simulasyon"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1450"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=554"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/554\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/559"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/06\/9216e32de91f7cc40f2f916f0a062ebe.jpg\")
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