{"id":541,"date":"2022-06-01T06:45:28","date_gmt":"2022-06-01T03:45:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/?p=541"},"modified":"2022-05-30T12:44:10","modified_gmt":"2022-05-30T09:44:10","slug":"afetlerde-domino-etkisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/afet-yazi-dizisi\/afetlerde-domino-etkisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Afetlerde Domino Etkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsanlar i\u00e7in fiziksel, ekonomik ve sosyal kay\u0131plar do\u011furan, normal ya\u015fam\u0131 ve insan faaliyetlerini kesintiye u\u011fratarak topluluklar\u0131 etkileyen ve etkilenen toplulu\u011fun kendi imk\u00e2n ve kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u00fcstesinden gelemeyece\u011fi, do\u011fal, teknolojik ve insan kaynakl\u0131 olaylar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na afet denilmektedir. Bir olay\u0131n afet olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131 veya insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7evreyi etkili bi\u00e7imde etkileyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karsak afet bir olaydan ziyade bir olay\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7tur.<\/p>\n<p>Afetlerin do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; en ba\u015fta can ve mal kayb\u0131na neden olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Can kay\u0131plar\u0131 insan ve hayvanlar\u0131n \u00f6lmesi; mal kay\u0131plar\u0131 ise e\u015fya bina ve tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesidir. Kay\u0131plar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 do\u011frudan hemen afetle birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131karken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise meydana gelen Afet sonras\u0131 <em>domino etkisi<\/em> ile a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fimiz belirli bir s\u00fcre sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk kez Heinrich (1931); yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada end\u00fcstriyel kazalar\u0131 domino kuram\u0131yla incelemi\u015ftir. Bu teorinin (modelin) temelinde yatan fikir; her bir dominonun kazaya neden olabilecek birer sebep olmas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131ral\u0131 hatalar dizininden bir fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla s\u0131ral\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m etkisinin bozularak kazalar\u0131n ve olas\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n \u00f6nlenebilece\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-544\" src=\"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/30a3e58f7fe7573507aa23a91767a552.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/30a3e58f7fe7573507aa23a91767a552.jpg 485w, https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/30a3e58f7fe7573507aa23a91767a552-300x281.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>H. Heinrich\u2019in tasvir etti\u011fi \u201ckaza piramidi\u201d<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcm teknolojik geli\u015fmelere, erken uyar\u0131 ve kontrol sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131na, dijitalle\u015fme ve otomasyon uygulamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnyada ve \u00fclkemizde \u00e7e\u015fitli end\u00fcstriyel kazalar olmaya devam etmektedir. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere baz\u0131 afetler, \u00f6zellikle depremler end\u00fcstriyel kazalar\u0131n tetikleyicisi olabilir. Ya da bir ba\u015fka nedenle meydan gelen end\u00fcstriyel kaza afete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Afet ve end\u00fcstriyel kaza hem\u00a0neden\u00a0hem de\u00a0sonu\u00e7tur. Do\u011fal afetler bir\u00e7ok end\u00fcstriyel tesiste \u00f6nemli hasarlar yapmakta, bu hasarlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da tehlikeli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilecek ikincil olaylar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olabilmektedir. Deprem, sel bask\u0131n\u0131 veya y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi do\u011fal olaylar\u0131n tetiklemesi ile ba\u015flayan ve tehlikeli maddelerin bo\u015falmas\u0131 veya sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131na neden olan kazalar; literat\u00fcrde k\u0131saca \u201c<strong><em>Natech\u201d<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0veya\u00a0<strong><em>\u201cna-tech kazalar\u0131\u201d<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0<strong>\u201cNatech\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>kazalar\u0131; \u201c<em>Do\u011fal afet etkilerinin ikincil teknolojik yan etkileri\u201d\u00a0<\/em>olarak da tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr end\u00fcstriyel kazalar, \u00f6zellikle herhangi bir yerde hem do\u011fal afet tehlikesi hem de b\u00f6lgede zararl\u0131 kimyasallar mevcutsa, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle tehlikeli kimyasal depolayan, kullanan veya \u00fcreten tesisler varsa daha da \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fal afetler sonras\u0131nda genellikle yang\u0131n ve patlamalar ile kimyasal gaz sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131 ve ka\u00e7aklar\u0131 meydana gelebilmektedir. Afetler ve B\u00fcy\u00fck End\u00fcstriyel kazalar tarihi incelendi\u011finde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok Natech olay\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmekteyiz.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fck End\u00fcstriyel Kazalar\u0131n Kontrol\u00fc Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelikler (BEKRA ve\/veya SEVESO Y\u00f6netmelikleri olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r), 24.06.1981 tarihinde ilk olarak uygulamaya ge\u00e7mi\u015f olup, \u00fclkemizde 18.08.2010 tarihinde B\u00fcy\u00fck End\u00fcstriyel Kazalar\u0131n Kontrol\u00fc Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik olarak d\u00fczenlenip y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. Son olarak 2012\/18\/EC\u00a0<strong>SEVESO III<\/strong>\u00a0Direktifi yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olup \u00fclkemizde 02.03.2019 tarihinde B\u00fcy\u00fck End\u00fcstriyel Kazalar\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi ve Etkilerinin Azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik olarak halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olarak devam etmektedir. Do\u011fal afet olaylar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir ama do\u011fal afeti, felakete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle Sel, ta\u015fk\u0131n ve di\u011fer afetlerin sonradan felakete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini engellemek maksad\u0131yla; afetleri, \u00f6nceden tahmin eden, olas\u0131 felaket senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplayan ve \u00f6nleyici gerekli tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmal\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli olarak olas\u0131 senaryolara g\u00f6re tatbikatlar d\u00fczenlenmeli. \u0130stenmeyen g\u00fcn ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda neler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-542 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-scaled.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"692\" height=\"923\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-scaled.webp 1920w, https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-225x300.webp 225w, https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-768x1024.webp 768w, https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-1152x1536.webp 1152w, https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-1536x2048.webp 1536w, https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/05\/04fd3ffa6e9f65a434144ab3bf97ee92-473x630.webp 473w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Resim-1: Kurtarma g\u00f6revlileri, Mart 2011&#8217;de Japonya&#8217;da meydana gelen y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 deprem ve tsunami taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lan bir k\u00f6y\u00fcn enkaz\u0131ndan bir ceset ta\u015f\u0131yor. <span class=\"RichText Caption__Credit\" aria-label=\"Paula Bronstein'\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131, Getty Images\">PAULA BRONSTE\u0130N&#8217;IN FOTO\u011eRAFI, GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsanlar i\u00e7in fiziksel, ekonomik ve sosyal kay\u0131plar do\u011furan, normal ya\u015fam\u0131 ve insan faaliyetlerini kesintiye u\u011fratarak topluluklar\u0131 etkileyen ve etkilenen toplulu\u011fun kendi imk\u00e2n&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1322,"featured_media":543,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10043],"tags":[10059,10064],"class_list":["post-541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-afet-yazi-dizisi","tag-afet","tag-domino-etkisi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1322"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=541"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/541\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/543"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tatd.org.tr\/afet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}